Polymorphism of bovine lipocalin-2 gene and its impact on milk production traits and mastitis in Holstein Friesian cattle

Background: Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases of dairy cattle, causing substantial financial losses. While predisposition to reduced somatic cell count in milk has been considered for in cattle breeding programs as the key indicator of udder health status, scientists are seeking genetic markers of innate immune response, which could be helpful in selecting cows with improved immunity to mastitis. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a protein involved in the response of the immune system by eliminating iron ions which are necessary for the growth of pathogenic bacteria, so LCN2 may be considered as a natural bacteriostatic agent and could become a marker of infection. Results: A total of five SNPs were identified in LCN2 gene (one in the promoter, three in exon 1, and one in intron 1). A single haplotype block was identified. The locus g.98793763GNC was found to have a significant impact on protein levels in milk, and alleles of this locus were identified to have a significant positive dominance effect on this trait. None of the four analysed loci had a statistically significant impact on the milk yield, fat levels in milk or the somatic cell score. LCN-2 gene had no significant impact on the incidence of mastitis in the cows. Conclusions: Although the identified SNPs were not found to have any impact on the somatic cell count or the incidence of mastitis in cows, it seems that further research is necessary, covering a larger population of cattle, to confirm the association between lipocalin-2 and milk production traits and mastitis.

Estudo comparativo das diferentes técnicas empregadas na contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite / Comparative study of distinct techniques to determine differential leukocyte counts in milk

A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) é um parâmetro amplamente utilizado para monitorar a saúde do úbere e a qualidade do leite, porém não diferencia as distintas populações leucocitárias. Portanto, a diferenciação das populações celulares no leite pode aprimorar o diagnóstico da mastite bovina. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes técnicas de contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite para diagnosticar precisamente a mastite. Para tal, foram utilizadas 31 vacas da raça holandesa preta e branca em lactação (124 quartos mamários). Foram empregadas a contagem automática de células somáticas, e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação, contagem diferencial de leucócitos por esfregaço direto, e citometria de fluxo com a utilização de anticorpos monoclonais específicos para identificação de cada população leucocitária. Os resultados demonstraram correlação positiva e significativa entre a proporção de leucócitos polimorfonucleares pelas diferentes técnicas e a contagem automática de células somáticas, sendo observada uma correlação discretamente mais forte com a citometria de fluxo. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os macrófagos são a população predominante no leite oriundo de glândula mamária com baixa CCS. Observaram-se também diferenças na proporção das distintas populações leucocitárias entre as distintas técnicas, resultado da possível subjetividade do examinador na contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação e contagem microscópica direta por esfregaços, o que reforça que a citometria de fluxo pode ser uma ferramenta confiável no controle e diagnóstico da mastite.(AU)

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is the basis of mastitis and milk quality control programs, however it not differentiate the distinct leukocyte populations which in turn can improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate different techniques used to measure the distinct leukocyte populations in milk in attempt to improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Here, milk samples from 31 dairy cows (124 quarter milk samples) were used. The differential leukocytes count was determined by cytocentrifugation, direct microscopy smears, and monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. The automatic SCC was also performed. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between the proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes determined by all techniques and automatic cell count; although a discrete higher correlation between flow cytometry and automatic SCC was found. Furthermore, the present study reinforces the idea that macrophages were the predominant cell type in mammary gland with low SCC. The proportion of each leukocyte population differ among techniques, probably due to the subjectivity of the examiner in the evaluation of the differential leukocyte counts by cytocentrifugation and direct microscopy smears, which emphasize that flow cytometry can be a useful and feasible tool in the diagnosis and control of mastitis.(AU)

Does breastfeeding influence the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in children? A review of current evidence / O aleitamento materno influencia o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus na criança? Uma análise das evidências atuais

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a review to investigate the influence of breastfeeding as a protective agent against the onset of diabetes in children. SOURCES: Non-systematic review of SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus, and VHL databases, and selection of the 52 most relevant studies. A total of 21 articles, specifically on the topic, were analyzed (nine related to type 1 diabetes and 12 to type 2 diabetes). DATA SYNTHESIS: The duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding, as well as the early use of cow's milk, have been shown to be important risk factors for developing diabetes. It is believed that human milk contains substances that promote the maturation of the immune system, which protect against the onset of type 1 diabetes. Moreover, human milk has bioactive substances that promote satiety and energy balance, preventing excess weight gain during childhood, thus protecting against the development of type 2 diabetes. Although the above mentioned benefits have not been observed by some researchers, inaccuracies on dietary habit reports during childhood and the presence of interfering factors have been considered responsible for the lack of identification of beneficial effects. CONCLUSION: Given the scientific evidence indicated in most published studies, it is believed that the lack of breastfeeding can be a modifiable risk factor for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Strategies aiming at the promotion and support of breastfeeding should be used by trained healthcare professionals in order to prevent the onset of diabetes. .

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma análise crítica da literatura para avaliar a influência da amamentação no risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus. FONTE DOS DADOS: Revisão não sistemática nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopuse BVS, selecionando-se 52 referências mais relevantes. Especificamente sobre o tema, foram analisadas 21 (sendo 9 para diabetes tipo 1 e 12 para diabetes tipo 2). SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A duração, a exclusividade do aleitamento materno e uso precoce do leite de vaca têm sido apresentados como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de diabetes. Acredita-se que o leite humano contenha substâncias que promovem a maturação do sistema imunológico protegendo contra o diabetes tipo 1. Além disso, ele possui substâncias bioativas, que promovem o equilíbrio energético e a saciedade, prevenindo o ganho de peso excessivo da criança e protegendo, consequentemente, contra o aparecimento do diabetes tipo 2. Apesar dos benefícios anteriormente citados não terem sido constatados por alguns pesquisadores, a imprecisão no relato dos hábitos dietéticos da infância e a presença de fatores interferentes têm sido responsabilizadas pela falta de identificação dos efeitos benéficos. CONCLUSÃO: Diante das evidências científicas pautadas em grande parte dos estudos, acredita-se que a ausência da amamentação seja um possível fator de risco modificável para diabetes tipo 1 e tipo 2. Estratégias que visem à promoção e ao suporte ao aleitamento materno devem ser adotadas por profissionais de saúde devidamente treinados como forma de prevenir a manifestação da doença. .

Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of Brucella abortus antibodies in Egyptian cattle sera and milk

Rapid diagnostic tests are needed to facilitate diagnosis and control of brucellosis. Sero-epidemiology of brucellosis is currently done by employing the Rose Bengal test [RBT]. Also the world organization for animal health [OIE] has approved an indirect ELISA for testing serum and milk. The Immuno-Chromatographic brucellosis test [ICT] is a rapid, card-based immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies directed against B. abortus antigens. To the best of our knowledge, ICT has not been used for the diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle yet. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the ICT brucellosis test for the diagnosis of B. abortus in cattle sera versus RBT and ELISA as a gold standard, Also evaluation of ICT brucellosis test efficacy for detection of antibodies against B. Abortus in milk samples. 94, 90.36 and 84.3% of sera samples were positive by RBT, ICT and ELISA respectively. The ICT had 94.44% sensitivity and 100% specificity versus RBT and ELISA as a gold standard. The kappa value between ICT and ELISA was 0.76. Also ICT detected antibodies against B. abortus in serum and milk samples of 7 cows while a recently calved cow showed antibodies in the milk sample only. In conclusion, ICT provides a handy and accurate tool for the rapid detection of antibodies to B. abortus in cattle sera and milk

Lactosa, lactasa y el problema de la intolerancia. Primera parte: Importancia nutricional de la lactosa / Lactose, lactase and the problem of intolerance. Part One: Importance

La intolerancia a la lactosa es un trastorno no inmunológico de frecuente atención por alergistas. La lactosa es un disacárido constituido por glucosa y galactosa y sintetizado exclusivamente en la glándula mamaria con participación de la enzima lactosa sintetasa. Este disacárido no usual, que sirve como principal combustible para el lactante, tiene como ventajas su osmolaridad y la presencia de la unión (β1 4) entre glucosa y galactosa. Su absorción requiere de la actividad de una β-galactosidasa específica, la lactasa. La lactosa ingerida, que excede la capacidad de la lactasa para hidrolizarla,permanece en la luz intestinal provocando acumulación de agua y electrolitos. La lactosa no absorbida es fermentada por la microbiota colónica con producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta y gases. La ingestión de este disacárido favorece el desarrollo de una flora acidófila capaz de sintetizar vitaminas e inhibir el desarrollo de gérmenes patógenos; además, estimula la absorción del calcio y otros cationes. La actividad de la lactasa intestinal es máxima en el período neonatal, disminuye al destete y llega a niveles bajos en el adulto. La caída en la actividad comienza entre los 2 y 3 años y se completa alrededor de los 5 ó 6 con diferencias étnicas. En los individuos sanos, en los que no disminuye, la lactasa permanece elevada durante toda la vida. Para explicar la distribución regional y étnica de la variabilidaden la actividad de la lactasa en los adultos de la especie humana, se sugirieron diferentes hipótesis de adaptación y genética.

Lactose intolerance is a non immunological disorder of frequent attention by allergologists. The lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose synthesized exclusively in the mammary gland with participation of the enzyme lactose sinthetase. This non usual disaccharide, which serves like fuel for the suckling baby, has like advantages its osmolarity and its union (β1 4) between glucose and galactose. Its absorption requires of the specific activity of one β-galactosidase, lactase. The ingested lactose, that exceeds the capacity of lactase hydrolysis, remains in the intestinal light causing accumulation of water and electrolytes. The non absorbed lactose is fermented by colonic microbiota with production of short chain fatty acids and gases. The lactose is the main energy source during the first year of life. The lactose ingestion favors the development of acidophil flora able to synthesize vitamins and to inhibit the development of pathogenic germs; it stimulates the absorption of calcium and other cations. The activity of intestinal lactase is maximal in the neonatal period, diminishes to the weaning and arrives at low levels in the adult. The fall in the activity begins between the 2 and 3 years of life and it is completed around 5 or 6, with ethnic differences. In the healthy individuals, in who does not diminish, lactase remains high during along life. In order to explain the regional and ethnic distribution of the variability in the activity of lactase in adults of the human species, different hypotheses from adaptation and genetics were suggested.

Natural Course of Cow's Milk Allergy in Children with Atopic Dermatitis

Cow's milk is one of the most common food allergens in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). This study was conducted to describe the natural course of cow's milk allergy in children with AD, and to identify factors predictive of outcome. To accomplish this, we reviewed the medical records of 115 children who were diagnosed with AD and cow's milk allergy before 24 months of age to evaluate their clinical characteristics and prognostic factors. During a follow-up period of 24 to114 months, the median age for tolerance to cow's milk was found to be 67 months. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model revealed that the peak cow's milk-specific IgE level within 24 months after birth was the most important factor for prediction of the outcome of cow's milk allergy. In conclusion, half of the children younger than 24 months of age with AD and cow's milk allergy could tolerate cow's milk at 67 months of age. The peak cow's milk-specific IgE level within the first 24 months of birth is useful to predict the prognosis of cow's milk allergy in children with AD.

Cow's milk allergy in Thai children.

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is nowadays a common problem in Thai children. We reviewed medical records of patients with CMA from the Department of Pediatrics at King Chulalongkom Memorial Hospital of the past 10 years, from 1998 to 2007. The criteria for the diagnosis of CMA included: elimination of cow's milk formula resulting in improvement of symptoms, and: recurrence of symptoms after reintroduction of cow's milk by oral challenge or by accidental ingestion. Of the 382 children with a diagnosis of CMA, 168 were girls and 214 were boys. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 14.8 months (7 days-13 years). The average duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 9.2 months. A family history of atopic diseases was found in 64.2% of the patients. All of the mothers reported an increased consumption of cow's milk during their pregnancy. The most common symptoms were respiratory (43.2%) followed by gastrointestinal (GI) (22.5%) and skin manifestations (20.1%). Less common symptoms included failure to thrive (10.9%), anemia (2.8%), delayed speech due to chronic serous otitis media (0.2%) and anaphylactic shock (0.2%). A prick skin test with cow milk extract was positive in 61.4%. Exclusively breast-fed was found in 13.2% of the patients. Successful treatment included elimination of cow's milk and milk products and substitution with soy formula in 42.5%, partial hydrolysate formula (pHF) in 35.7%, extensive hydrolysate formula (eHF) in 14.2%, and amino acid formula in 1.7%. Continued breast feeding was successful in 5.9% (with maternal restriction of cow's milk and milk products). Our study demonstrates the variety of clinical manifestations of CMA in Thai children especially respiratory symptoms which are usually overlooked.

Pattern of sensitization to common environmental allergens amongst atopic Singapore children in the first 3 years of life.

This study was aimed to investigate the sensitization pattern to a range of common allergens in young Singaporean children. A cross-sectional study involving 75 children aged below 3 years was carried out. They presented between December 1995 and April 2000 with symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, eczema, or food allergy. Their levels of allergen-specific serum IgE to a panel of foods (egg white, milk, soy protein, shrimp, wheat and peanut), pet dander, dust mites and cockroaches were measured with Pharmacia CAP System radioallergosorbent test kits. Serum IgE levels greater than 0.35 kU/l represented a positive result. Four children could not be tested with the complete panel because of insufficient serum. The prevalence of sensitization was highest for cow's milk (45.9%) followed by egg white (38.7%), dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (31.4%) and Blomia tropicalis (25.5%). Sensitization to ingested allergens was significantly more prevalent in children aged 1 year or younger than in the older children (70.4% of those below 1 year, and 50% of those aged 1-3 years; p < 0.02). Sensitization to inhaled allergens, such as dust mites, was more likely to manifest as respiratory symptoms (allergic rhinitis and asthma), while ingested allergens were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and eczema (p < 0.001). It was concluded that infants and young children are at high risk of sensitization to common environmental substances. Allergen avoidance is therefore important even in the very young. The prevalence of sensitization to food allergens is higher compared to inhalant allergens in young children.

Antibacterial properties of acidophilus and ABT cultured milks

The antibacterial effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in acidophilus milk and L. acidophilus in combination with Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum present in ABT milk were investigated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis. The inhibitory effect of ABT culture filtrate was greater than that of acidophilus milk filtrate against E. coli, B. subtilis, Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis. On the other hand, the antibacterial activity of acidophilus milk filtrate was more powerful on Micrococcus sp. than that of ABT filtrate

Influencia de algunos alimentos sobre el comportamiento inmunológico del niño / Influence of some nutriment on inmunology behavior child

Se investigó el comportamiento de parámetros inmunológicos indicadores de ciertos fenómenos que se producen en el niño en relación al ingreso de antígenos alimentarios especialmente leche bovina, a través de la madre (placenta y leche de pecho) o la ingesta de biberón. Se estudiaron 31 recién nacidos (RN) agrupados de acuerdo al riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad atópica según antecedentes familiares y niveles de IgE total en sangre de cordón. Se considero además la cantidad de antígenos leche de vaca (LV), trigo (T) y huevo (H) ingeridos por la madre durante el último trimestre de gestación y el período de lactancia. En 5 casos se realizó un segundo estudio. Se determinó en el suero IgE total por la técnica de enzimoinmunoanálisis (PRIST); IgE e IgG antígeno-específicas para LV, T y mediante la técnica de enzimoinmunoanálisis (RAST) y la presencia de dichos antígenos alimentarios por las técnicas de doble difusión en gel y de inhibición de precipitación antígeno-anticuerpo. Los promedios de los niveles de IgE sérica total en cordón de los grupos de alto riesgo (AR) y mediano riesgo (MR) no mostraron entre sí diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Tampoco hubo diferencias significativas entre los distintos grupos cuando fueron relacionados los niveles de IgE e IgG antígeno-específicas. No hubo relación entre presencia de antígenos LV, T y H en el suero y anticuerpos respectivos. Aunque innumerables factores condicionan el comportamiento inmunológico y el fenómeno de hipersensibilidad en el niño es indudable la influencia que la alimentación ejerce en los primeros momentos de la vida

Um teste cutâneo para avaliaçäo da defesa orgânica / A cutaneous test for organic defense evaluation

Foi realizado um teste com injeçäo de leite fervido no tecido subcutâneo do antebraço, na quantidade de 0,25 a 0,50 ml, em 201 pacientes cirúrgicos. De conformidade com a reaçäo apresentada em 4-6 hortas, os pacientes foram classificados em reatores fortes, fracos e näo reatores. Säo analisadas as complicaçöes pós-operatórias, principalmente infecciosas, ocorridas nos três grupos. Houve uma correlaçäo entre a intensidade da reaçäo e as complicaçöes pós-operatórias. Trata-se de um teste de simples execuçäo, inócuo e fiel